What is Narrowband IoT?

Narrowband IoT (also known as NB-IoT or LTE-M2) is an LPWAN technology which doesn’t operate in the licensed LTE construct. Instead, it works in one of three ways:

• Independently
• In unused 200-kHz bands that have previously been used for GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
• On LTE base stations allocating a resource block to NB-IoT operations or in their guard bands.

Telecommunication giants such as Huawei, Ericsson, Qualcomm, and Vodafone have collectively put together this standard in conjunction with 3GPP. Huawei, Ericsson, and Qualcomm are interested in NB-IoT because it has a number of benefits.

Business Benefits

1. Power Efficiency

Efficiently powering IoT devices is critical. Think about it: who wants to be out there changing the batteries on 20 billion devices every six months? While nearly all IoT technologies are developed to save power when they aren’t operating, they do draw energy when the modem is running and handling signal processing.

2. Cost Savings

Technologies with simpler waveform — like NB-IoT — will consume less power. A 200 kHz NB-IoT frontend and digitizer offers reduced complexity of analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion, buffering, and channel estimation. Power savings = cost savings. Plus, NB-IoT chips are simpler to create and thus come cheaper.

3. Reliability

Rolling out NB-IoT on a licensed spectrum means improved reliability for users as well as the guaranteed resource allocation needed for managed Quality of Service (QoS).

4. Wider Deployment

Compared to LTE-M1, NB-IoT has lower bitrates and better link budgets. Additionally, per Huawei’s Emmanuel Coehlo Alves in an IoT Hub article, NB-IoT doesn’t need gateways to provide connectivity.

Instead of “creating another piece of equipment you need to manage and operate,” he said, NB-IoT can directly connect sensors to the base station. This will boost flexibility while lowering costs.

5. Global Reach

While heavy hitters in the U.S. have already invested billions into LTE networks, there are many areas around the world with less LTE, even though pilots and network rollouts are in full swing. Outside of the U.S., there are larger GSM deployments on which to find unused bands to leverage for NB-IoT. NB-IoT then could help IoT innovators find affordable entry points in new markets globally.

Even in the U.S., smaller carriers such as Sprint or T-Mobile might also deploy NB-IoT on existing GSM spectrum to expand connectivity without the LTE investment of a Verizon or AT&T.

NB-IoT Applications

NB-IoT applications can cross many service categories. These include:

• Smart metering (electricity, gas, and water)
• Facility management services
• Intruder and fire alarms for homes & commercial properties
• Connected personal appliances measuring health parameters
• Tracking of persons, animals or objects
• Smart city infrastructures such as street lamps or dustbins
• Connected industrial appliances such as welding machines or air compressors.

Potential Barriers

Deployment could be a problem with most carriers moving to LTE support. With NB-IoT deployed in a sideband, there could also be increased initial costs to develop operating software. Further, modem frontends and antennas may become more complex in cases where there is little existing GSM spectrum. Finally, there’s the risk that ISP giants could ratchet up licensing fees.

Nevertheless, with so much underutilized 200-kHz GSM spectrum many are looking to make this the best low power, wide-area network yet. It’s no wonder then that Gartner sees NB-IoT as a key part of the LPWAN landscape. And with the dawn of 5G, cellular IoT has an even brighter future.